However, the term transgenic mouse refers to a genetically engineered mouse containing an exogenous DNA cassette, and the cassette is typically introduced into the mouse genome via pronuclear microinjection of one-cell stage zygotes. What is a transgenic mouse? The term transgenic mouse is often used loosely referring to any type of genetically engineered mouse (including knockout mouse, for example). To begin, we guide the reader through the concept of overexpressing (transgenic) and deleting (knockout) a gene. Also, answers to questions like whether to overexpress or knockout my gene require several considerations, particularly the biological function of the gene, which will be touched on later in this article. I do not know if I should overexpress or delete (knockout) or replace (knock-in) the gene in mice. Where do I begin to learn about this? This is one of the most fundamental and the most common questions that comes to any researcher who begins to think about using the mouse as a model organism. I am interested in studying the function of my gene of interest (GOI) using genetically engineered mice. General questions about the types of mouse models The questions are in three areas: Ⅰ) general questions about the types of mouse models Ⅱ) questions about model design considerations Ⅲ) questions specific to mouse models generated using CRISPR-based methods. The set of questions range from basic to advanced, keeping in mind a broad readership. Wherever possible, we provide references for further reading. Note that this is not a comprehensive review on the subject rather, this article provides short answers to frequently asked questions. In this article, we provide answers to some frequently asked questions that normally come to mind when researchers begin a new mouse model generation project. This is where many researchers begin to lose their way as questions multiply. Fourth, and the most important one, is that the numerous design strategies used to create genetically engineered mouse models are quite confusing to researchers not familiar with the recent technological developments. Investigators may not be familiar with the range of possible options. Third, a variety of technologies and tools to create mouse models are available. Second, it is expensive to generate and breed the model to produce enough animal cohorts for the intended study. First, it is time-consuming: it takes two or more years to generate publishable results to address the hypothesis for which a novel mouse model is generated. In this article, we provide brief answers to several frequently asked questions that arise when researchers begin thinking about generating mouse model(s) for their work.ĭeveloping mouse models to probe biological questions-whether related to neuroscience, cancer, physiology, or pharmacology-is quite an undertaking for any researcher. As there are several considerations and options in mouse designs, and as it is an expensive and time-consuming endeavor, careful planning upfront can ensure the highest chance of success. For example, what type of model(s) would be best useful for my research, how do I design them, what are the latest technologies and tools available for developing my model(s), and finally how to breed GEMs in my research. Researchers, on the other hand, when they begin thinking about generating GEMs for their research, several questions arise in their minds. Because of these reasons, most research institutes set up centralized core facilities where custom GEMs are created for research groups. Generating GEMs involve complex set of experimental procedures requiring sophisticated equipment and highly skilled technical staff. Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models are commonly used in biomedical research.
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